Modern Music Industry free essay sample

Family Is one of the most Influential hip jump gatherings ever. With Its one of a kind creation style, Intense and Blvd verses and standard shopper claim, Www-Tang was one of the specialists that progressives soul and changed It Into the cutting edge rap that we hear today. Without their impact a noteworthy piece of both African American culture, and American music would essentially not exist.The Www-Tang are pioneers in their own right, and in this exposition I plan to talk about the development of hip jump into current standard culture utilizing the Www-Tang as a contextual investigation. Hip bounce is a social lifestyle partitioned into four primary parts; rapping, rotting, eating breakfast and spray painting. It generally includes two components, the makers backtrack which envelops all instrumentation inside the piece, and the rappers verses. The backtrack for the most part comprises of a straightforward musical example and tune, created to complement the rapper.While the creation Is Important in a track, the rapper Is in actuality the more Important of the two, giving a one of a kind type of vocals fitting Into multicultural rhyme designs riches differing bar-length refrains. We will compose a custom exposition test on Present day Music Industry or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It began In Southern Bronx, New York City In the mid sasss, taking Its Influences from funk, section and African soul music to make basically a combination of kinds. It is accepted that Cool Here, a Jamaican DC living in the Bronx at that point, was the first maker of the idea, utilizing break beat into his shows.Breathtaking includes blending between two tunes instrumentals to broaden them for whatever length of time that conceivable, while performing over the highest point of the track; a crude type of present day rap. Different Dos developed this and created scratching, a strategy still normally utilized today. Hip jump kept on forming into a generally basic class: normally a 4/4 beat with numerous examples rhymed over by a lyricist. It very well may be stated, anyway that hip bounce didn't arrive at Its apex until the early asss; the brilliant period of hip hop.Streetwise and ghetto bunches Like N. W. A pioneered the path for the posses rap development In the late ass, a scene particularly predominant on the West Coast (especially California). Rough, in-your-face verses were a takeoff of the more soul-issue sounds audience members were utilized to, and the uniqueness of the style detonated financially. With a lot of combining West Coast ability (Snoop Dog, Dry. Deer, Outpace Shaker, Souls of Mischief and so forth ) the emphasis was certainly on California, with New York not having discovered a mark sound to set it apart.Until 1993 Www tang effective collections/Solo professions Modern www tang/www tang in culture White crowds and www-tang White rappers in the public arena Conclusion Modern Music Industry By Christiansen The Www-Tang Clan is one of the most compelling hip jump gatherings ever. With its remarkable creation style, exceptional and striking verses and standard buyer offer, Www-Tang was one of the craftsmen that progressives soul and changed it into the incorporates all instrumentation inside the piece, and the rappers lyrics.The emphasize the rapper. While the creation is significant in a track, the rapper is in actuality the more significant of the two, giving a special type of vocals fitting into multicultural rhyme designs inside fluctuating bar-length stanzas. It began in Southern Bronx, New York City in the mid sasss, takin g its persuasions arrive at its apex until the early asss; the brilliant period of hip jump. Streetwise and ghetto bunches like N. W. A pioneered the path for the packs rap development in the late White rappers in the public eye

Discussion Question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Conversation Question - Assignment Example It should concentrate on ecological imperatives from a methodology of cross-media. Ecological Protection Agency should fire up a neighborhood the executives framework which will should have the option to manage the issues of traverse the zones that are influenced. Congress should develop and furthermore support a self-ruling authority of data on condition or information which will be fringe to the Environmental Protection Agency which will audit the ecological state and furthermore give a significant knowledge into the media projects of Environmental Protection Agency. (EPA, 2012) The present strategies of Environmental Protection Agency ought to be assessed too, principally the approaches concerning the logical utilization as it is an extremely basic issue for the organization. Ecological Protection Agency ought to likewise consider the enlistment of a â€Å"czar† of science which will be a further ramifications to the hierarchical structure of Environmental Protection Agency with the goal that the unwavering quality upon science will be improved.

Basic Tips to Write a Term Paper

Basic Tips to Write a Term PaperMost students think they know all there is to know about how to write a term paper. They know that it should be structured well and should have strong, attractive paragraphs. But many don't know where to begin.The most common mistake that students make when they start out is to keep a general outline for the term paper. They think this gives them something to work from. And it does.First, a structure can be overrated. What we call a structure will not necessarily help us get through it faster. Also, if you have specific topics to cover, you need to make sure you outline those topics carefully.Even though an outline can be a good idea, you still need to break your paper up into smaller chunks. Use bullet points or numbered lists to break your topic down. The trick is to make it look like you just don't know where to start.The next tip for writing a term paper is to make good use of vocabulary. This is especially true if you want to be able to go over th e material later on. Having a good grasp of the vocabulary you will be using will help you do a much better job of writing your paper. You need to keep in mind that you will be writing for different audiences so a strong understanding of what words mean is a plus.A key component of being able to write a term paper well is to be organized. Keep a notebook with you all the time. Whenever you find yourself unsure of something, take out your notebook and make notes.Don't delay taking notes. This will save you time later on. One thing to remember about writing papers is that it takes a lot of work to produce a good one. So make sure you have someone around who can help you finish the paper on time.Writing a term paper is more than simply reading through the material. As a matter of fact, it is a lot more. You need to have people on your side to help you if you aren't sure about something.

Appropriate Consequences for Student Misbehavior

Students will misbehave in class. As teachers, we might not be able to stop all forms of misbehavior before they start. However, we have complete control over our own reactions to student behavioral issues. Therefore, we must choose our responses wisely, making sure that they are appropriate and logical. The old adage, the punishment must fit the crime, is especially true in a classroom setting. If you choose something illogical, students will learn less than if your response directly relates to the situation, or they might miss out on important information being taught in class that day. Following are a series of situations that have been chosen to illustrate appropriate responses in your classroom to help establish behavior management. Note that these are not the only appropriate responses, but instead chosen to show the difference between appropriate and inappropriate consequences. A student uses a cell phone for non-academic purposes. Appropriate: Tell the student to put the phone away.Inappropriate: Confiscate the cell phone.Explanation: A cell phone policy should be clearly stated in the student handbook and reviewed with students whenever there is an infraction. Teachers should record repeat offenders in order to share that the student is distracted in class with parents. Rules should be designed to meet the needs of students while addressing educators’ concerns. Some districts allow teachers a choice to make the decision by clearly posting if students can use their devices. Information on the webiste  Common Sense Media can help teachers plan for device use that considers digital citizenship and student safety. Regardless, digital devices like cell phones should only be used in class when there are specific goals in mind, critical thinking, collaboration, advancement, and equity. A student is late to class. Appropriate - The student misses the daily starter or do-now activity and could lose any points associated with this activity.Inappropriate - The teacher ignores the situation, and the student has no consequences for their tardiness.Explanation - Tardiness is a big deal, especially if left unchecked. Teachers should have a tardy policy in place to deal with problem tardies. Having a daily do now or warm up is one way to give students an immediate benefit for being to class on time. One note of caution, a student who is frequently tardy could build up a large number of zeros for not completing the warm-up activity. In this case, the warm-up activity could be used for extra credit points. There is a differemce between grading for ability and grading for behavior. A student does not bring in his or her homework. Appropriate - Depending on the school policy, the student could lose points off their homework assignment. The student could also receive a lower rating in academic behavior.Inappropriate - A lack of homework results in the student failing the class.Explanation -Homework is done outside of the control of the classroom. For this reason, many schools are deciding not to penalize missing homework. If teachers grade only in-class or summative assessments, then the grade accurately reflects what students know. However, keeping track of homework for completion can be valuable information to share with parents. National Education Association (NEA) suggests that all stakeholders (teachers, parents, and students) work together in any effort to set homework policies. A page on the NEA website states: Policies should address the purposes of homework; amount and frequency; school and teacher responsibilities; student responsibilities; and, the role of parents or others who assist students with homework. A student does not have materials (pen, calulator) needed for class. Appropriate - The teacher provides the student with a pen or pencil in exchange for collateral. For example, the teacher might hold on to one of the students shoes to ensure that the pen or pencil is returned at the end of the class.Inappropriate - The student does not have materials and cannot participate.Explanation - Students who can not finish any classwork without materials. Extrae quipment (calculators) orsupplies should be available in class. A student does not have their book in class. Appropriate - The student does not have a textbook during the lesson for the day.Inappropriate - The teacher gives the student a textbook to use without comment.Explanation - If textbooks are required in your day-to-day classroom, it is important for students to remember their texts. It is a rare situation where you have more than a couple of extra textbooks in your class. If students accidentally take an extra text with them, you will have most likely have lost that text forever. A student does not raise their hand but calls out answers instead. Appropriate - The teacher does not respond to the student who calls out and does not call on them.Inappropriate - The teacher allows individuals to answer without having to raise their hands.Explanation - Requiring students to raise their hands is an important part of wait time and effective questioning techniques. If you do not continuously uphold this rule, then students will no longer raise their hands in class. A student uses a curse word in class. Appropriate - The teacher reprimands the student saying, Do not use that language.Inappropriate - The teacher ignores the curse word.Explanation - Profanity should have no place in the classroom. If you ignore it, students will take note and will continue to use it in class. Note: Realize that if the profanity was used against someone else in the class, a form of bullying or harrassment, the consequences should be greater than if a curse word just slips out. Record the event.

The Importance Of Investor Behavior Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1407 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Investor behavior is one of the subjects that have been analyze aggressively through theoretical studies and empirical studies; which delivers different results from both point of view. Investor behavior study can be analysis made on demographics and psychographics of investors considering their age, gender, income group and other facts that influence investor decision making on some particulars investment. This investigation is to study the motive behind investment and other objectives for choosing certain investment. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Importance Of Investor Behavior Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Also, by comparison, it is analytical in nature and investigate through external laws of nature, which is to study what cause traders to judge their perception of current market conditions before they themselves have do the right decision to change their point of view. An unknown investor once famously quote the biggest obstacle and worst enemy for our investment success is the one standing in front of your mirror. The human nature description that we often call and describe our own for everything we do all the time is a dangerous maladaptive behavior when allowed to roam wild in the world of share market. Stepping into the world of stock market and investment, as an investor are you well equipped with capital, skills. Well, even you have superb raw brain power for calculating and analysis, but are you emotionally stable or rational enough to make investing decision. For many years of reports and analysis, academics and practitioners have been doing serious study of how individ ual investors state of mind has to do with investment decision making. It has been proven that many investors always been emotionally affect and could not handle their investing behavior steady enough to make an impact on their investment performance. Background of the study Year 2011 has been a solid and shining performance year for Malaysia economy as Malaysia hoping for the same improving results in year 2012. With the foreign direct investment pretty well delivered, inflation issues been handled with care, the financial sector industry of Malaysia has been pretty much steady as result. Still, European debt crisis that strikes the Europe fatally has pretty much affect the whole world as well. With the exact figure of economy growth yet to be exposed, it is expected that in year 2011 economy has improvement of 5.3 percent and expecting to hit 5.6 percent by 2016. Not to forget that according to Department of Statistics (DOS), Malaysia GDP balance of payments has been outstanding comparing 2010 with an 18 percent of improvement, which US$20.2 billion in 2011 and US$23.8 billion in 2012. Yet, vulnerability of local market has been causing uncertainty and confusion for investors to predict as it market condition is difficult to be ascertain with f inancial tools and measurement. With investor rational attitude has been witnessed through the analysis, its proven investors that fully maximize utility and shows flawless self-control are inadequate through the years. Based on Psychological Biases and Investor Behaviour: Survey Evidence from Malaysian Stock Market by Audrey Lim Li Chin, it states that Malaysian investor behavior problem most common with overconfidence of themselves; which refuse to take further analysis and refuse to listen to expert opinions. Second most common behavior is the regret effect, which investor behavior change whenever they made high purchase and low sell on stock, holding one stock too long. With these negative experience cause them regret on their behavior, in the end it affect their further decision making. The random ripping of confidence is one factor that recessions are so difficult to forecast. They may not just be changes in degree from a period of economic expansion but different proces ses endangered by fear. Out economic models never have been particularly successful in capturing a process driven in large part by non-rational behavior. quoted by the US Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan opinion about global weakening economy market. By understanding investment behavior which involves human behavior and psychological mechanism of decision making., financial model is easy to understand and determine current investment market reality and situation. For this research to study on investor behaviour, the best concept to use in this proposal is by using psychological behaviour. In the book of The Four Pillars of Investment by William Bernstein, it states that studying on investor psychological behaviour is like studying on human social interests and beliefs, exactly like why men wore short hair in 1950s and long hair in 1970s. Exactly during the period of 1970s to 1990s when company like Microsoft, Apple and Disney business starts booming in the share market, investor psychological social thinking and egoism make them eager to own part of the shares of those company. In this research, Im going to demonstrate how human psychological would react with share market surprises and how would investor psychological obscuring the thinking of investors to make right decision when the facing risk and opportunity at the same time. Problem Statement The important of understanding investor behavior is the fact that deep negative emotions such as jealousy and anger can results to self-destructive and ÂÂ  unnecessarily patterns of behavior such as passion to crime and road rage (Loewenstein, 1996), according to a group of studies using a gambling task, researchers have shown that individuals with emotional poor management often perform poorly comparing investors who have disciplined emotional self-control ÂÂ  (Bechara et al., 1997; Damasio, 1994; Rogers et al., 1999) Recent evidence suggests that even relatively mild negative emotions that do not result in a loss of self-control can play a counterproductive role among normal individuals in certain cases. One of the problem statements that investors do not know what the types of investor behaviors exist in them are and certainly they are not sure what kind of negative results could bring if they are not aware of their investor behavior. On the other perspective, internal management of an IPO company is responsible to understand their customer behavior and psychological thinking in order to inprove stock marketability Study objectives Main aims of this research are to examine important personal and environmental factors that will affect investor behavior and analyze how it will influence decision-making process too; Scope of this study The scope of this study will be focus more in Kuala Lumpur of Malaysia, which where the stock market taking place for more than thirty years since its inception. Research and questionnaire will be study on IPO companies that been listed in the website of Bursa Malaysia. The limitation of this research is that based on the time and capability, this research will only study and analyze in Malaysia, which is not related to other country and certainly cannot represents share market of other country. Significance of study The significance of study will contribute a comprehensive analysis and better understanding of types of behavior that would bring impact and importance of handling it. A complete understanding of investor behavior would bring impact to Malaysia investors to perform well and prevent the common behavior mistakes. Justification of the study The intent of this research initiative is to examine the independent variable factors influencing on decision making of investors, variables include demographic, price volatility and wealth maximization; providing a comprehensive study on correction between importance investor behavior and decision making. Methodology Questionnaire will be used in this research base on quantitative research. Primary and secondary data collection method will be executed in this study. Primary data collection would be no other than questionnaire and secondary data collection will through online data (journals, article etc) and textbooks. My target group for investor behaviour would be local investment firm full time worker or part time worker, practical finance student that will represent for most investors in Malaysia. My questionnaire will be distributed in area of Kuala Lumpur. Sample size of 100 distributions with 60 expected respondents to be representing my research. Conclusion This research is to do a comprehensive study on most kind of common behavior that appear mostly in investors, determining the relationship between the investor behavior and investment outcome. Also, I would discuss the demographic variables such as age, gender and income, the roles of it and how it would affect the behavior as well. With these skill mastered by investor it would benefit investor, the financial market, also the IPO companies. https://www.theborneopost.com/2011/12/25/malaysia-year-in-review-2011/ https://iamee.edu.in/pgdm/publications/IAMEE%20Investor%20Behavior%20Analysis.pdf https://web.ku.edu/~finpko/myssi/FIN938/Grinblatt%20%26%20Keloharju_insto%20vs%20indiv_JFE_2000.pdf https://www.nber.org/chapters/c1235.pdf https://www.meta-formula.com/support-files/article_johnssonm_behaviouralfinance90s.pdf Questionnaire https://www.scribd.com/doc/30778181/Questionnaire-An-Analysis-on-Investor-Behaviour-on-Various-Investment-Avenues-in-India https://w ww.brandsberg.com/user/1011471/1/11204260930690.php

Underlying Causes Of Autism Spectrum Disorder - 1882 Words

Underlying Causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder Ariel Robinson Biology 4800-Fall 2016 Autism Spectrum Disorder is a developmental disorder that displays characteristics of significant impairments in social interactions and communication, obsessive interests, and repetitive behaviors.1 The DSM-5 characterizes Autism Spectrum Disorder as having a range of symptoms with varying severity, hence the term â€Å"spectrum†.2 Figure 1 shows a representation of the symptoms and sub-types of disorders that are characterized as ASD. The disorder is generally not diagnosable until around 18 months-2 years of age, when children would usually start to display signs of social communication. ASD has a high prevalence of 1 in every 68 children, with boys 4.5X more likely to have the disorder. Currently, scientists do not know the exact cause of autism. However, it is agreed upon that the underlying cause is highly likely to be influenced by genetic heritability.3,4,16 ASD research is important for several reasons. The most apparent reason is the dramatic increase in the occurrence in the last 20 years. Other reasons are economic costs of children with ASD, burdensome responsibilities, and emotional hardships on parents, family members, and communities. Factors contributing to the increase could very likely be caused by our better understanding of the disorder and diagnosis due to human genome sequencing technology and other scientific research. Another factor that could explain the rise ofShow MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )909 Words   |  4 PagesAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a group of neurodevelopmental disorders that is characterized by abnormalities relating to social, behavioral, cognitive and language skills. The genetic architecture of ASD is comprised of a variety of rare mutations. 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ActingRead MoreA Research Topic On Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Topic: NEW 9-28-16 Ariel Robinson Autism Spectrum Disorder is a developmental disorder that displays characteristics of impairments in social interactions and communication, obsessive interests, and repetitive behaviors.1 The DSM-5 characterizes Autism Spectrum Disorder as range of symptoms with varying severity, hence the term â€Å"spectrum†.2 Currently, scientists do not know the exact cause of autism. However, it is agreed upon that the underlying cause is highly likely to be influenced by geneticRead MoreWhat Do We Know About Autism Spectrum Disorder?1390 Words   |  6 PagesAbout Autism Spectrum Disorder? Actress Holly Robinson Peete once stated, â€Å"I m not a doctor or scientist. I m just a mom. But I do think there s a genetic predisposition, and there are environmental triggers. I feel like that combination, in my child s case, is what resulted in autism.† Holly Robinson could have not said it in a better way. What is the cause of autism? Is autism solely caused by genetics or a combination of genetics and environmental influences? What does make up autism spectrumRead MoreAutism Is A Brain Based Disorder Essay1628 Words   |  7 PagesAutism is a brain based disorder that causes social-communication challenges. Autism is often diagnosed when children are very young. They can be diagnosed as early as 18 months according to the Autism Spectrum Disorder. Many expecting parents will prepare for a pregnancy by the usual healthy diet to make sure that they have a healthy baby, however, many children are still getting diagnosed with autism every day. 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Business Modeling Research Directions

Question: Discuss about the Business Modeling for Research Directions. Answer: Introduction Auditors are significant for the companies in order to increase the effectiveness of company financial books of accounts. Therefore, this report frames with the aim to identify the role of business profession i.e. auditor in business and industry. This report is also provided with the views of different authors regarding the role of effective auditor profession in a business organization. Further, this report analyzes the different requirements and constitutes professionalism while involving in any profession. Moreover, this report emphasises the various practitioners material for analyzing the significance of a profession. Meaning of Auditor An auditor is a person who verifies the company financial statements and accounts and it is appointed by the auditor company. The auditor also provides the different ways to the company in the context of cost reduction and enhances the financial revenues. There are four types of auditors such as external, internal auditor, public, and forensic auditors (Guedhami, et al., 2014). For this, internal auditor is appointed by the company for the effectiveness of internal financial controls. Similarly, the external auditor is hired by the organization regarding professional services. On the other hand, audit enables the firm to increase the accuracy of company accounts as well as company feasibility. Forensic auditors comes under the state, federal, and local government. For this, they ensure the revenue is spent and received as per the government laws and regulation (Francis, et al., 2013). Similarly, a public auditor facilitates to investigate the bankruptcies, financial crimes, and secur ities frauds. Role of Auditor in Business and Industry Boritz, et al. (2014) identifies that the auditor role is significant in business organization and an industry, because in a business the auditor ensures that the taxes and duties are paid by the company on the regular basis of time. Along with this, it also evaluates the financial operations of the companies for analyzing the company run successfully. Moreover, in business, auditor is also assisted the organization in terms of effective business strategy, advice to mitigate the business threats, governance, and internal control process. Another important role of auditor in business i.e. it provides the approval of company annual budget and stakeholders accounting. For this aspect, auditor has also aware the business regarding monetary policy. Apart from this, an auditor is also playing the important role in industry, because it improves the accuracy of company books of accounts. For example, an auditor is quite helpful to enhance the market share and of the telecommunication industry, which is positive impacts on the company shareholders. Because of this, if the financial performance and accuracy of the telecommunication are strong in the industry so that investors can spend more money in telecommunications stocks. As a result, it may considerable impacts on the industry revenue. Besides this, an auditor is legally liable to access the financial statements of any organization in the industry (MINUTTI?MEZA, 2013). This can be done for checking the data reliability and accuracy. In consequence, it can be said that the auditor profession has significant impacts on the business and industry, because it enables the company and industry to improve their profitability and feasibility Academic Literature on Auditors Profession Gul, et al. (2013) observed that the auditing is significant to provide the public interest for strengthening the trust, accountability, and accuracy in financial reports. Moreover, development of industries may tend to create the more opportunities for the auditors. Meanwhile Brown-Liburd, et al., (2015) observed that the auditor helps the company top level management in terms of improving the financial accuracy in order to maintain the internal control from regulatory compliance. It also facilitates to recover the consequential losses from insurance companies. In oppose of this Guedhami, et al., (2014) auditing process is a very costly and time-consuming process, which may increase the cost of the company. Thereby, it has significant impacts on the company profitability. However, new accounting standard and regulatory standards may hamper the profession of auditor, because of lack of knowledge and skills in terms of new standards thereby; it may generate the legal issue in the organization. In contrast to this Brown-Liburd, et al., (2015) new standard helps to aware the auditor about new deviation in the report. Nagy, (2014) the auditor is also playing the significant role in the capital market, because it removes the errors and misstatements in the financial statements, which enables the company to raise the capital from market. Hence, it helps to raise the market capitalization of the company. Further, Guedhami, et al., (2014) identifies that different countries have required different skills, knowledge, and auditing standard for doing effective practices at the global level. As per The Association of International Accountant, an auditor should graduate from A graduate school. Further, if a person wants to become the statutory auditor, he will need to get a certificate from AIA Recognized Professional Qualification. Consequently, auditors should meet out the above criteria so as to start further auditing practices at the global level. Requirement to Join Profession Skills and knowledge are essential towards any profession in the market. Thus, there are different requirements of skills and knowledge in respect of auditor profession such it is essential for the auditor to take the membership of a professional accounting body in order to practice its professional services in an organization. As per the Australian law, an auditor requires the skills assessment form from VETASSESS. Further, it requires different needs such as good communication skills, problem identifiers in company statements, and effective ethical framework (Caveio, et al., 2015). Similarly, auditor profession is also required a post-graduate degree from respective fields, work experience, proper training, and independence and confidentiality. On the other hand, the auditor requires the approved IIAS certification staff documents. For this, it needs approx 3-4 years post graduate degree from recognised university. Auditor will require different things, which is likely to be discus sed as below: The auditor must qualify as a professional accountant from recognized university/board. Similarly, auditor should keep the additional knowledge regarding the skills, ethics, attitude, and professional values (Gonzlez-Daz, et al., 2015). Nevertheless, auditors need to keep the knowledge of three areas for his auditor profession such as financial accounting, reporting, and audit. For this, working experience is mandatory for an auditor while working in the organization. On the other hand, when hiring the auditor by company, it should analyze the peer review of the auditor for effective practices, which shows the laws and standards are being followed by the auditor. Further, the company can take the evidence of audit quality while finalising the auditor so that it can raise the company effectiveness. Simultaneously, auditor should pass the minimum age criteria i.e. 18 for the auditor profession. Meanwhile Howieson, et al., (2014) while an auditor joins the organization, it is important to presents the confidentially proof of business reports in front of organizations. In addition, an auditor should have the large capability to improve the audit process and accuracy of books of account, which can be effective for the company. Knechel and Salterio, (2016) assist that the auditor should abide the code of ethics in an organization while analyzing the financial statements of the company. Further, it requires submitting the proof of identification in organization. In opposing of this, Soh and Martinov-Bennie, (2015), a person is not eligible when he is an employee of an association, business partner, employer, employee of a committee member, and secretary of management committee. As a result, above all requirements are essential for the auditor while joining this profession in a business organization or industry. These can be quite helpful to understand the requirements of the company. Requirements to remain in your Profession There are different things are to be required in order to remain the profession, because sustainable profession helps to improve the personal growth of the people and it also helps to create the positive image of the auditor in the market. Thus, an auditor will be required different things to remain the profession in future such as an auditor should aware every time regarding the new auditing standards and laws so that it can easily implement in an organization while practising the audit profession (Hurtt, et al., 2013). This new standard will quite helpful to reduce the frauds and any misstatement in the company books of accounts. Further, auditor is required to polish its skills through new changes in the auditing standards, which may help to find out the errors in the reports. Moreover, an auditor complies the rules and regulation of auditing while providing their services in any organization. Thereby, there is a less chance of remaining errors and mistakes in the financial statem ents. Apart from this Andon, et al. (2015) suggested that the auditor should continue its audit practices in the organization, which can be helpful to become the good auditor in the market as well as it helps to remain the profession. As a consequence, above all requirements, are significant for the auditor in order to remain in the auditing profession. Hence, auditor should abide these requirements so as to find out new deviations. Different Constitutes Professionalism within Auditor Profession Auditor professionalism helps to overcome the conflicts between the auditor and management, which impacts on the audit effectiveness. Whereas, the main aim of the code of ethics is to develop the ethical culture in auditor profession. Thus, there are different constitutes professionalism, which shows the auditor profession such as integrity, it means an auditor should be honest, straightforward, and trustful while practising (Triyuwono, 2015). Concurrently, auditor should away from the personal gains by using the confidentiality information. This shows the how an auditor works in a consistent manner. However, auditor should neglect the intentional opportunity in order to mislead and manipulate financial information. As per integrity section, 110 indicates that the auditor should not involve in reports, returns, and communication where he thinks that the false or misleading information. Similarly, objectivity and independence constitute are significant in the auditing profession, whic h depicts that the auditor should away from bias or undue influence, and by others forming the judgment (Knechel and Salterio, 2016). Through objectivity ethics, an auditor should disclose all facts of auditing to the organization employer. In this aspect, section 120 states that the auditor should not compromise with his profession during the audit services. Professional competence and due care constitute indicates that the auditor should keep maintaining the knowledge and skills in order to provide effective competent professional services (Gaynor, et al., 2015). This comes under the professional competence and due care section 130. Concerning this, auditor should follow the technical and professional standards while providing the professionalism services in the organization or client. Generally, GAAP principles are often required by the auditors during the auditor services, because it enables the auditor to provide the accurate accounting information. For this, an auditor should also follow the IIAS international audit standard in order to practice the internal audit. Confidentiality constitute shows the auditor should not disclose the company financial information to other without any constant. Concurrently, auditor should not use the confidential information for personal advantage. Consequently, using information for personal use is against the audit laws and regulation (Shafer, et al., 2016). In the same way, professional behavior constitutes demonstrates that the auditor obliged to follow the appropriate laws and regulation. Meanwhile, it should keep away from any action that harms its profession (Douglas?Jones, 2015). Concerning this, as per section 150 of professional behavior shows that the auditor should be honest and truthful while marketing and promoting its work. By using these constitute, auditors objective is to work high standard of professionalism. This high standard safeguards are quite effective to identifying the unethical behavior in the organization (MaAyan and Carmeli, 2016). Though, auditing standards are also helpful to remain the auditor profession viability. Apart from this, competency constitutes shows that the auditor should engage in all those activities where he has necessary skills, experience, and knowledge. From time to time, this constitutes indicates that the auditor should enhance its proficiency, effectiveness, and quality services. For this, the auditor should follow the principles of international Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing (Standards) in order to perform the internal audit practice effectively. In spite of this, as per the ACCA rulebook, an auditor should cover the various areas of practice such as whistleblowing, marketing professional services, laundering, and professional appointments (Shaub and Braun, 2014). Furthermore, a professional auditor should identify the business threats to compliance by using the fundamental principles. In the same way, auditor should also consider the qualitative and quantitative factor while identifying the threats in the financial statement, because it can increase the consistency of company accounts. In addition, in terms of conflict resolution, an auditor should consider the resolution process, which involves the relevant fact, ethical issues, and internal procedures, fundamental principles, and alternative course of action. On the other hand, effective knowledge, skills, and experience are also indicated the auditor professionalism. Further, to obtain the certificate regarding the internal auditor from the certified internal auditor (CIA) is also indicates the auditor professionalism (Heyrani, et al., 2016). Apart from this, if an auditor provides the tax advice and opinion to the organization employer, its liability to record tax advice in the letter or memorandum files for future references. Moreover, auditor is obliged to check whether the employer pays the tax or not on the basis of information provided. As per section 30, an auditor should not provide the wrong information to the employer, which helps to increase the auditor level of expertise. As a result, it can be said that the audit code of ethics is necessary for the auditor profession while practising its services in the organization. This can be helpful to maintain the risk management, governance, and control in the firm (Knechel and Salterio, 2016). Along with this, it helps the auditor to continue to seek its professional growth and opportunities in the auditor profession. Different Practitioners Material for action There are various professional bodies and website that are supporting the auditor profession such as website of Queensland government, The institute of Internal Auditors (IIA), The International Auditing and Assurance Standard Board (IAASB), Association of International Accountant (AIA), International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), and Association of Charted Certified Accountants (ACCA). These practitioners materials are quite helpful to maintain the auditing profession and financial statements in the business and industry (Brennan and Kirwan, 2015). Simultaneously, these bodies have potential to provide the training, education, and technical resources to the auditor. Moreover, it is also helpful in forensic auditing, system auditing, and taxation filed. Recommendations An organization is important to hire the auditor for analyzing the accuracy in financial statements. As a result, on the basis of above analysis, it can be recommended that the organization should not consider the cost while selecting the auditor. Although, the cost is significant for the firm while taking any business related decision. For this aspect, the good auditor is quite effective for the firm, because it reduces the risk and errors in the company financial statements. Concurrently, it provides cost reduction methods consequently, it increase the firm feasibility (Gul, et al., 2013). Further, it recommends that the auditor should upgrade his skills by using new accounting and auditing standards so that it provides the error free company statements, which is relatively helpful to sustain the auditor profession for the long term. Moreover, an auditor should abide the laws and regulation of auditing during auditing practices. Conclusion From the above analysis, it can be summarized that the auditors are significant for the business organizations and industry. Because of this, it enables to improve the industry market share and accuracy of business financial statements. It has been identified that the new auditing standard may hamper the auditor profession. Further, identifies that the auditor requires effective skills, knowledge, and experience, and updates with auditing standards are important for the auditor. Further, different constitutes professionalism supports the audit profession like integrity, objectivity, professional competence. References Andon, P., Free, C. and O'Dwyer, B. (2015). Annexing new audit spaces: challenges and adaptations.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,28(8), 1400-1430. Boritz, J. E., Carnaghan, C. and Alencar, P. S. (2014). Business modeling to improve auditor risk assessment: An investigation of alternative representations.Journal of Information Systems,28(2), 231-256. Brennan, N. M. and Kirwan, C. E. (2015). Audit committees: practices, practitioners and praxis of governance.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,28(4), 466-493. Brown-Liburd, H., Issa, H. and Lombardi, D. (2015). Behavioral implications of Big Data's impact on audit judgment and decision making and future research directions.Accounting Horizons,29(2), 451-468. Brown-Liburd, H., Issa, H. and Lombardi, D. (2015). Behavioral implications of Big Data's impact on audit judgment and decision making and future research directions.Accounting Horizons,29(2), 451-468. Caveio, C., Montezeli, J. H., Peres, A. M., Hey, A. P., Sales, W. B. and Costa, T. D. (2015). Skills required from the auditor nurse for his professional practice: an integrative review. Journal of Nursing UFPE on line, 9(10), 9584-9592. Douglas?Jones, R. (2015). A goodethical review: audit and professionalism in research ethics.Social Anthropology,23(1), 53-67. Francis, J. R., Pinnuck, M. L. and Watanabe, O. (2013). Auditor style and financial statement comparability.The Accounting Review,89(2), 605-633. Gaynor, G. B., Janvrin, D. J., Pittman, M. K., Pevzner, M. B. and White, L. F. (2015). Comments of the Auditing Standards Committee of the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association on IESBA Consultation Paper: Improving the Structure of the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants: Participating Committee Members.Current Issues in Auditing,9(1), C12-C17. Gonzlez-Daz, B., Garca-Fernndez, R. and Lpez-Daz, A. (2015). Auditor tenure and audit quality in Spanish state-owned foundations.Revista de Contabilidad,18(2), 115-126. Guedhami, O., Pittman, J. A. and Saffar, W. (2014). Auditor choice in politically connected firms.Journal of Accounting Research,52(1), 107-162. Guedhami, O., Pittman, J. A. and Saffar, W. (2014). Auditor choice in politically connected firms.Journal of Accounting Research,52(1), 107-162. Gul, F. A., Wu, D. and Yang, Z. (2013). Do individual auditors affect audit quality? Evidence from archival data.The Accounting Review,88(6), 1993-2023. Heyrani, F., Banimahd, B. and Roudposhti, F. R. (2016). Investigation of the Effect of Auditors Professionalism Levels on their Judgment to Resolve the Conflict between Auditor and Management.Procedia Economics and Finance,36, 177-188. Howieson, B., Hancock, P., Segal, N., Kavanagh, M., Tempone, I. and Kent, J. (2014). Who should teach what? Australian perceptions of the roles of universities and practice in the education of professional accountants. Journal of Accounting Education, 32(3), 259-275. Hurtt, R. K., Brown-Liburd, H., Earley, C. E. and Krishnamoorthy, G. (2013). Research on auditor professional skepticism: Literature synthesis and opportunities for future research.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,32(sp1), 45-97. Knechel, W. R. and Salterio, S. E. (2016).Auditing: assurance and risk. UK: Routledge. Knechel, W. R. and Salterio, S. E. (2016).Auditing: assurance and risk. Routledge. MaAyan, Y. and Carmeli, A. (2016). Internal Audits as a Source of Ethical Behavior, Efficiency, and Effectiveness in Work Units.Journal of Business Ethics,137(2), 347-363. MINUTTI?MEZA, M. I. G. U. E. L. (2013). Does auditor industry specialization improve audit quality?.Journal of Accounting Research,51(4), 779-817. Murphy, D. S. and Yetmar, S. (2015). Student Perceptions of Auditor Responses to Evidence of Suspicious Activities: An Experimental Assessment. International Journal of Business and Social Research, 5(11), 48-59. Nagy, A. L. (2014). PCAOB quality control inspection reports and auditor reputation. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory, 33(3), 87-104. Shafer, W. E., Simmons, R. S. and Yip, R. W. (2016). Social responsibility, professional commitment and tax fraud.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,29(1), 111-134. Shaub, M. K. and Braun, R. L. (2014). Call of duty: A framework for auditors ethical decisions. InAccounting for the Public Interest(pp. 3-25). Springer Netherlands. Soh, D. S. and Martinov-Bennie, N. (2015). Internal auditors perceptions of their role in environmental, social and governance assurance and consulting. Managerial Auditing Journal, 30(1), 80-111. Triyuwono, I. (2015). Awakening the conscience inside: the spirituality of code of ethics for professional accountants.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,172, 254-261.

A New Nation essays

A New Nation essays Starting things off, Lipset seems to be a very articulate man. His views on this beautiful country are exactly down to earth. Lipset began talking about how this country is the best in some areas but how we lack our supremacy in other areas. For instance I will express crime rate and military power. In Lipsets passage he stated that the crime rate in the United States is well above all other nations, but the American military is the strongest in the world. That is not a contradiction but only a mere example. Now with being the strongest military power in the world many smaller and third world countries tend to look up to us. That statement is easily represented by the fact that we are a city on a hill. This nation might be on top is some aspects of the game but there is a few things that weigh us down. We won both world wars, set peace in the Middle East, and maintained our economic prowess. But are our greatest years starting to fall behind us? According to Lipset we are starting to distrust our leaders and have slim confidence in our institutions. That does not mean that everything is going south but what it really means is that we need to get in gear and do something about these situations. Not only are the Americans aware of this but so are other nations in the world. Japan knows our educational average is below standard. Germany knows that our some of our citizens hate our democracy. So once again the eyes of many are upon this huge city on top of a steep hill. Lipset then proceeded to talk about how a lot of our fine nations essays were written under the direction of foreign pens. The only way that is possible is by comparing a culture that one is well established with to a culture that he is not that aware of. Most foreign travelers wrote about how exceptional this place is. Lipsets words say; "e ...

Construction Safety and Accidents in Latino Community

Construction Safety and Accidents in Latino Community Introduction Workplace safety has been an issue of regular discourse, especially in the building and construction industry, which normally entails several precarious engagements (Roelofs, Martinez, Brunette, Azaroff, 2011). American immigrants have persistently been complaining about social prejudice and workplace discrimination, with majority of them working in a more risk environment than the Native Americans do.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Construction Safety and Accidents in Latino Community specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Similar to several other minority groups in the United States, Latino men have continued to engage in the construction industry as a construction workforce. According to Roelofs et al. (2011), research in the construction industry of the United States reveals that â€Å"Hispanic workers have higher rates of injury and death on construction worksites than workers of other ethnici ties† (p. 1). Based on the investigations of their research, Latino workers in the construction industry experience the most excellent rates of workplace-related injuries. Roelofs et al. (2011) state that approximately 3.7 incidents of these fatal injuries per 100,000 full-time workers are associated with the Latino workers, which is very high in the construction industry. Investigations into the rising workplace injuries among the Latino male constructors have unveiled several underlying factors that contribute to disparities in injuries between the Latino workers and non-Latino workers. Roelofs et al. (2011) assert that cultural disparities, language barriers, and Latino traditional values, contribute to construction workplace discrimination that further forces Latino men to engage in risky occupations in the United States. Pertaining to language barriers, Latinos frequently speak Spanish that creates language bias, as most of the top constructors are Native Americans who co mmunicate in fluent English (Roelofs et al., 2011). The construction workplace discrimination emerges because employers perceive Latino constructors as ‘hard’ and committed workers, and therefore, assign them dangerous and risky tasks to the working and job commitment, which predispose them to accidents. Additionally, Latino male constructors come from the minority groups with limited political and economic resources; hence, compelling them to perform dangerous and risky tasks in the construction industry as a means of survival (Roelofs et al., 2011). The economic instability of the Latino, coupled with limited political supremacy, influence their engagement in risky undertakings. Problem Statement Occupational health and safety in the United States is an issue that continues to attract workplace discourse, with employee safety continuing to be a controversial matter. According to Roelofs et al. (2011), construction workplace discrimination among the minority groups in the United States is still widespread notwithstanding the prevailing policies and regulations that prohibit such practices.Advertising Looking for research paper on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Construction workplace discrimination occurs because employers perceive Latino male constructors as ‘hard workers’ and assign them dangerous and risk duties in the construction industry. In recent research on the American construction industry, Roelofs et al. (2011) reveal that approximately 3.7 incidents of workplace fatal injuries per 100,000 fulltime constructors happen among the Latinos, when compared to 3.4 incidents and3.0 incidents that happen among White workers and Black American workers respectively. Moreover, medical records of the Latino men reveal that 30% of the medical conditions experienced by these men result from work-related injuries (Roelofs et al., 2011). While the American reg ulations forbid workplace discrimination and seek to promote socioeconomic justice, the case of Latino men constructors violates these regulations. Hence, to understand the underlying issues, it is essential to explore the issue of construction safety and accidents among male workers in the Latino community. Rationale for the Research Workplace safety and occupational health among organizations are universal concerns that continue to elicit incessant reactions from the public and workplaces. However, it is essential to understand that these issues are diverse and occur in different ways across the globe. Given the rising cases of workplace discrimination among Latino men, which puts them in the desperate situation by engaging in risky construction employment, there is need to explore this problem. Compared to other ethnic groups, occupational death rates among Latino constructors continue to augment, with labor authorities and their policies continuing to prove ineffective. Workplac e injuries and fatalities among Latino male constructors adversely affect the socioeconomic status of their relatives and families. This paper intends to examine the problem of construction safety and accidents among males in the Latino community, preferably from the perspective of those individuals working in the construction industry. In addition, it explores the prevailing status of the problem, examines predisposing factors that contribute to the reducing workplace safety among Latino male constructors, and provides possible remedies. Statement of the Research Objectives As the issue of construction safety and accidents among Latino men continue to raise concerns, this paper will use the following research objectives to inspect the problem comprehensively and expansively. The study seeks to: Examine the prevailing status of construction safety and accidents among male workers in the Latino community, especially in the construction industry. Investigate the underlying facts rega rding the notion that male constructors from Latino community are at greater risk for workplace accidents than other ethnicities. Explore the major assumptions about the predisposing factors that reduce workplace safety of Latino male constructors. Provide recommendations on how to improve the working conditions of the Latino male constructors as possible remedies to their workplace issues. Hypotheses of the study In examining the identified research problem, the study will assume the following hypotheses.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Construction Safety and Accidents in Latino Community specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Safety issues and workplace-related accidents are common among Latino male constructors. Latino male constructors are more susceptible to construction accidents than non-Latino male constructors are. Major factors that predispose Latino male constructors to accidents include incompetent skills, poor education, traditional values, language barriers, and economic instability. Latino male constructors should embrace education, acquire safety skills, adopt English, and shun their traditional values. Definition of Terms Latino community Is an immigrant community that resides in the United States, which is considered as a minority ethnic group because it has limited political, social, and economic powers that compel them to perform risky jobs. Construction industry- It refers to a social economic sector that deals with construction, modification, and repair of houses, commercial buildings, roads, estate development, and other infrastructure. Construction safety – It is a condition of being free from any risks, hazards, accidents, and fatalities within the construction environment. Construction accidents – refers to unintentional events that cause injuries among workers during construction. Construction workplace discrimination – employers perceive Latino men as ‘hard workers’, and thus discriminate against them by assigning risky and dangerous tasks to them. Summary Workplace safety of employees in America is a critical issue that calls for immediate attention as people continue to incur injuries, while some accidents are resulting in serious fatalities. Although workplace discrimination remains an illegal practice in the workplace, the rising cases of injuries among Latino men working in the construction industry contrast the national public interest. The purpose of this study is to examine the issue of construction safety and accidents among Latino male constructors. To examine the problem objectively, the study wants to provide a deeper understanding of the prevailing situation of workplace safely among Latino male constructors.Advertising Looking for research paper on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The study also explores the conceptions that Latino men are at a higher risk for workplace injuries than other ethnic groups. Moreover, the paper will also investigate the predisposing factors that reduce safety of Latino male constructors and provide recommendations that would act as remedies to the problems experienced by Latino male constructors. Reference Roelofs, C., Martinez, L., Brunette, M., Azaroff, L. (2011). A qualitative investigation of Hispanic construction worker perspectives on factors impacting worksite safety and risk. Environmental Health, 10(84), 1-9.

Mary Wilkins-Freeman Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mary Wilkins-Freeman - Research Paper Example Mary Wilkins Freeman is considered as one of the earliest feminist writers and placed at the same category with the writers like Harriet Beecher Stowe and  Sarah Orne Jewett. Critics find her work many a times quite provincial and they claim they are too oriented to New England. But new critics find an inherent feminist call in all her works. There is a story of struggle and women empowerment in all her stories that mark and initiate the trajectory of modern women and feminist discourse. Freeman’s story projects series of character and she is famous for her art of characterization. Critics view that the stories of Wilkins presents Randolph neighbourhood. This essay intends to study the characters from the stories, ‘New England Nun’, ‘A Church Mouse’, ‘Old Woman Magoun’ and his famous story, ‘The Revolt of Mother’ which was also broadcasted and dramatized in PBS in the recent past, and relates the lives of the protagonist of these stories with that of Wilkins and explores the reflection of the life of an individual writer made universal and relative through the immense and intense portrayal of life-like characters. Comparative Study of the Protagonists of Short Stories: New England Nun, A Church Mouse, The Revolt of Mother and Old Woman Magoun and Analysis of their Life with that of Wilkins’ Own Story To analyse the conflict of paradoxical voices within conscience of the protagonists of the stories like ‘New England Nun’, ‘A Church Mouse’, The Revolt of Mother’ and ‘Old Woman Magoun’ and to establish relative contexts with that of the Wilkins’ life, it is important to have a brief look at the writer’s life and these stories individually. A close look at the life of Wilkins enables the reader to understand the kind of struggle the woman has undergone and as a first generation working woman the kind of struggle she had to face in order to strike the balance between her profession and family. As a writer and a conscious citizen, she had a pertinent rebellious spirit captivated within her body and therefore had to fight a consistent and relentless battle between her inner voice that always had tried to stand against the orthodox social and religious constraints and the other voice did not permit out to be a staunch rebel and instead guided her to the path of calm domesticity. Torn asunder under the paradoxes of self and inner conscience, Mary Wilkins Freeman chosen the medium of literature to speak out her mind and aware the society of her thoughts. Under these circumstances of writer’s life it is quite pertinent that the reflections of these paradoxes are deciphered in the characters of her stories. â€Å"New England Nun† is a story of a woman named Lousia Ellis and the story was published in the year 1891. The protagonist of the story is Louisa Ellis, who has spend a major portion of her life alone wit h her pet dog Caesar whom she thinks better to be chained always as it had bitten a neighbour when it was a puppy. Lousia is shown eccentric by nature who is always obsessed with cleanliness of her home and is shown wearing double apron and busy in cleaning her house, books and she prefers to eat in her clean china every day. Lousia promised her beloved, Joe Dagget before leaving for fortune hunting to Australia that she will marry her. After 14 years when

Gun Control Synthesis and Paraphrase Research Paper

Gun Control Synthesis and Paraphrase - Research Paper Example A recent Los Angeles Times article stated ‘active compliance’ is the surest way to survive a robbery. â€Å"Victims who engage in active resistance...have the best odds of hanging on to their property. Unfortunately, they also have much better odds of winding up dead." The data provided from 1979 to 1987 by the Department of Justices National Crime Victimization Survey, Lawrence Southwick of SUNY, Buffalo found that it is better to resist attack with a gun but if no gun is available, it is better to offer no resistance than to fight. (Press, 2013) It is a different issue altogether when it involves criminals with guns. This is because it is assumed that criminals shoot haphazardly. Criminals are seen to be about self preservation thus making possession of a handgun to be less than likely. Further, convicted felons are more afraid of armed victims than running into the police. In such situations where deterrence is more important to the criminal because of the fear of getting shot, the criminals prey on the weaker members of society. This is known as the ‘substitute effect.’ ‘Third party effects’ or ‘external benefits’ is the process through which people who are not directly involved in deterring the criminals through gun carrying are also protected as a result of the fearfulness of the criminals. Victims have also not been left behind with the ‘open-carry’ gun law. (Krouse, 2012) The question now arises; why would someone travel across state lines to shoot another in a different state after buying the gun in a different state? Is it the policies that are in place that are wrong? (Lott, 1998) According to The Numbers Debate and Crime, there are a lot of misconceptions that are being thrown around as causes of gun related fatalities, key among them being that most people are killed by people they know. This is a misconception because being someone’s acquaintance does

Pragmatism and the Environment Essay Example for Free

Pragmatism and the Environment Essay The environment is at stake. The world we live in is a state of slow death—that the world is dying everyday just as the human body loses body cells every minute. Every natural resource of the world is continually abused without thought of the consequences. In a way, human beings are that of a virus, a systemic biological specie that consumes an abundant and relatively beneficial part, destroys it, moves on to another area, and leaves the consumed, worthless, and decimated. However, human experience teaches us that we cannot always deny the natural law because as intelligible beings capable of understanding, we have the natural ability to adapt to any environment given and finding ways and means to survive. As such, the development of the human race is not possible if not for our natural inclination of adaptability, protection of species, and survival. In the essay Pragmatism and Environmental Thought by Kelly Parker (1996), she mentions â€Å"what we must not try to do is not to master the natural world, but to cultivate meaningful lives within various environments. † This coincides with the natural law of adaptability, in which human beings need not defy standards as defined by nature but to harness it and provide necessary means of survival. Pragmatic Knowledge and Environmental Issues Pragmatism heavily relies on factual understanding rather than the complete belief in the innate ideas of the human mind. William James, John Dewey, Charles Pierce, among other founders of American pragmatism during the start of the century, argued that there are no innate beliefs in which knowledge is based. This means that knowledge is not innately transposed upon the human mind. Rather, experience confirms this â€Å"baseless† knowledge through factual and concrete understanding—that an ideology is only accepted as true if it is to be found practical in application. Human experience is then the basis of such practicality and its truthfulness is defined through practical solutions. The environment is not detached from the pragmatist or any other being. The environment is part of the experience, that there is a symbiotic relationship between the two biological systems as well as other life systems. Parker (1996) emphasized this point in her essay: â€Å"environment, in the most basic sense, is the field where experience occurs, where my life and the lives of others arise and take place† (p. 29). Every circle must have definite bounds in which it interacts and from that interaction is where experience revolves. Through these experiences, there have been developments in the field concerning the environment, especially on ethics. The development of environmental ethics is based on the pragmatic movement. More specifically, the interaction between the two different world views of nature leads to the eventual development of these ethics. These ethics later become moral standards for people until they become a â€Å"norm† of living for most. Based from these practical experiences, these social norms transform into methods of newer forms of social responsibility and enhance environmental awareness such as new laws and legislations concerning the environment, grassroots activism, among others. The Ethical/Global Problem As inferred by the pragmatic view, pragmatism’s role with the environment is more on application rather than theorization. In a more general perspective, human beings have the natural tendency to abuse their surrounding and not to take into account their own actions against different ecological systems around them. This coincides with the debate on moral pluralism and anthropocentrism. Moral pluralism specifies â€Å"no single moral principle or over-arching theory of what is right can be appropriately applied in all ethically problematic solutions† (Parker, 1996, p. 31). There is no ultimate and essential set of moral laws governing every scenario of moral problems. Because of the subjectivity of experience, it cannot be applied to any moral problem because of the lack of objectivity. In relation to environmental cases, there are different moral standards (i. e. , culture, geographical location) that must be taken into account in order for a set of moral/environmental laws to be applied. These different subjective inquiries on what should be protected, allowed, or banned come into a moral dilemma—whether it would be practical or not. Moral pluralism is also related to the problem of anthropocentrism—the prioritization of values for human beings. Human life is placed on greater importance rather than other outside factors. In her article, Parker (1996) further explains this line of reasoning: Again, this is not to say that human whim is the measure of all things, only that humans are in fact the measurers. This must be a factor in all our deliberation in all environmental issues. We can and should speak on others behalf when appropriate, but we cannot speak from their experience (p. 2). The essay proposes that we create standards and laws by speaking for ourselves and for the things that we want to protect based on our own experiences and judgment. For instance, the advocates of endangered species or an ecological subsystem represent their â€Å"party† to other human being. It is through the advocates that these creatures are represented in the debate over human need. The Global Challenge With the looming threat of global warming, greenhouse gas, and other ecological concerns, what we should do is concentrate more on proper action and proper representation of all the numerous aspects of the environment. We have already identified several problems that cause environmental distress recently and from these problems, there should be a formulation of steps to quickly counteract these issues. If left ignored or continually debated upon without any concrete formulas of implementation, these problems will continue to grow until they become uncontrollable. The proper need of identifying these problems will help in creating different strategies as well as formulating legal actions that will help protect and preserve environmental issues. The factual and general perspective is the world is dying and it continues to deteriorate as the number of human population increases. The matter of proper action comes into play through the environmental advocacies all around the world that supports of revitalizing planet earth. However, there remains the fact that human beings generally view the environment as something that can be planted, created, destroyed, and recreated again. This cycle implies that even with human intervention, the natural law of nature will still take its place. Society, especially today, should learn to adapt and live harmoniously with the environment in order to create a symbiotic relationship between the two. We also have to address the apathy of humans towards its environment. We should remove from the human mindset that the ecological system that we live in is not infinite and it will soon vanish if we are to let our actions not reflected upon. By examining our actions, we may come to a realization that everything that we do may affect the environment in ways that we might not even know. Removing this unconscious reinforcement may well be one of the keys in solving our environmental problem. The depletion of our natural resources, the unnatural effects of greenhouses gases and the growing number of human population are just a few of many environmental issues that should be given importance. Although these problems are already experiencing drastic developments for the last six years, we already have the initiative and the technology to somehow lessen its steady increase and may eventually, although not essentially eradicate, balance the gap between human state of living and the environment. Living with an ecological system, we must learn how to balance our actions and lifestyles in order to build a beneficial relationship. In this way, everybody wins. Reference Parker, K. (1996) Pragmatism and Environmental Thought. In A. Light E. Katz (Eds. ) Environmental Pragmatism. London and New York: Routledge (21-37).

Foreign Aid Programs are a Great Investment :: Politics Political Essays

The United States has proven again and again that foreign aid can be a worthwhile venture. While donating less than one half of one percent of the federal budget towards economic and humanitarian assistance, the United States has been able to establish trading markets for the present as well as the future. Between 1990 and 1993 alone, U.S. exports to developing nations increased by $46 billion ("Ten Questions Commonly Asked About U.S. Foreign Assistance Programs"). This dramatic change would not have happened if it were not for foreign assistance programs. Trade opportunities do not simply materialize, the groundwork must first be put in place. Through business code reforms, the strengthening of commercial banks, and the setting of reasonable tax and tariff standards, USAID helps to create an environment that will attract American investment and trade. Take for instance, the example of South Korea. During the 1960s and 70s, South Korea was one of the United States' prime targets for foreign assistance. The U.S. now exports more to South Korea in one year than was donated during both the 1960s and 70s. Because of this, the two have become extremely close allies, and are now two of the best trading partners in the world ("Ten Questions Commonly Asked About U.S. Foreign Assistance Programs"). Likewise, financially aided agricultural research in developing countries has resulted in millions of dollars of improved yields for U.S. farmers ("USAID Research Helps U.S. Farmers" ). By 1992, two-thirds of the United States rice acreage was planted in varieties acquired through agricultural research funded through foreign assistance programs. With this technology, the United States is now the world's second leading rice exporter ("Agricultural Research"). As another example, while in Latin America, USAID invested less than $5 million in the research of greenbug resistant hybrids. By 1989, economic gains to the United States had reached almost $400 million. Due to a recent breakthrough, U.S. foreign assistance research has lead to a rust free wheat crop. Kansas and Oklahoma alone are expected to save over $90 million in harvest costs ("Agricultural Research" ). Furthermore, according to USAID at the International Development Conference on January 1995, 200,000 U.S. jobs were created through foreign aid programs. This was possible because USAID requires "nearly all foreign aid be spent on U.S. Foreign Aid Programs are a Great Investment :: Politics Political Essays The United States has proven again and again that foreign aid can be a worthwhile venture. While donating less than one half of one percent of the federal budget towards economic and humanitarian assistance, the United States has been able to establish trading markets for the present as well as the future. Between 1990 and 1993 alone, U.S. exports to developing nations increased by $46 billion ("Ten Questions Commonly Asked About U.S. Foreign Assistance Programs"). This dramatic change would not have happened if it were not for foreign assistance programs. Trade opportunities do not simply materialize, the groundwork must first be put in place. Through business code reforms, the strengthening of commercial banks, and the setting of reasonable tax and tariff standards, USAID helps to create an environment that will attract American investment and trade. Take for instance, the example of South Korea. During the 1960s and 70s, South Korea was one of the United States' prime targets for foreign assistance. The U.S. now exports more to South Korea in one year than was donated during both the 1960s and 70s. Because of this, the two have become extremely close allies, and are now two of the best trading partners in the world ("Ten Questions Commonly Asked About U.S. Foreign Assistance Programs"). Likewise, financially aided agricultural research in developing countries has resulted in millions of dollars of improved yields for U.S. farmers ("USAID Research Helps U.S. Farmers" ). By 1992, two-thirds of the United States rice acreage was planted in varieties acquired through agricultural research funded through foreign assistance programs. With this technology, the United States is now the world's second leading rice exporter ("Agricultural Research"). As another example, while in Latin America, USAID invested less than $5 million in the research of greenbug resistant hybrids. By 1989, economic gains to the United States had reached almost $400 million. Due to a recent breakthrough, U.S. foreign assistance research has lead to a rust free wheat crop. Kansas and Oklahoma alone are expected to save over $90 million in harvest costs ("Agricultural Research" ). Furthermore, according to USAID at the International Development Conference on January 1995, 200,000 U.S. jobs were created through foreign aid programs. This was possible because USAID requires "nearly all foreign aid be spent on U.S.

Cloud Computing †Risk or Opportunity Essay

Abstract Cloud computing is a term that refers to sources and computer systems available on demand through the network, which can provide a number of computer services integrated without being restricted local resources in order to make it easier for the user and include those resources space for data backup and synchronization self also includes processing capabilities software and scheduling of tasks and push e-mail and remote printing, and the user can control when it is connected to the network in these resources through a simple software interface simplifies and ignores a lot of detail and internal processes. Cloud computing has become increasingly popular because it offers users the illusion of having infinite computing resources, of which they can use as much as they need, without having to worry about how those resources are provided. It also provides greater scalability, availability, and reliability than users could achieve with their own resource The core property in cloud computing that held computing â€Å"in the cloud†; for clarity, the treatment process (and related data) is not confined to the place (places) private and unknown. Thus, this model is the antithesis of the treatment process is located in one or more of the servers are well known. Exposure model cloud of criticism and attack because of privacy advocates, for the ease of large governing the hosting companies for services cloud, and then, can impose censorship and domination, whether legal or illegal, the communication process as well as the data stored in between the user and the host company Introduction Cloud computing has become a ubiquitous term and largely discussed topic in the global information technology (IT) world. Cloud computing has changed dramatically the ways in which organizations and individuals communicate, collaborate and compute. The concept of cloud computing ensures a cost–effective transformation of utility computing principle that allows users and providers a convenient access to resources in a self-service and ‘pay as you go fashion’. Consequently, cloud computing has reduced the cost associated with system administration as well as aided in improving resource utilization and accounting. Since last few years, cloud computing has resulted in a number of positive impacts on the IT ecosystem, thereby giving rise to new markets and widely scattered new user communities (European Commission, 2012). Contextually, the concept of cloud computing is the outcome of the direct industrial needs to enhance resource utilization without intervening consumer requirements. In other words, the concept ensures the use of the available resources in more efficient manner (European Commission, 2012). The paper intends to critically examine the opportunities and the risks associated with cloud computing and draws a valid conclusion on its adoption by organizations. Cloud Computing: Definition, Models and Services Cloud computing was initially used in an academic perspective by Prof. Kenneth K Chellapa who illustrated it in 1997 at the Informs Conference in Dallas as â€Å"a computing paradigm where the boundaries of computing will be determined by economic rationale rather than technical limits† (Petri, 2010). There are various definitions of cloud computing however the most appropriate and broadly accepted definition is being provided by North America National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST). According to NIST, â€Å"Cloud Computing is a model for enabling convenient, on demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort to service provider interaction† (Petri, 2010). There are many cloud computing models for business purposes including: Public Cloud: Public cloud model is provided by vendors and can be accessed over the internet or private network. One or more data centers are used by this model which is shared by multiple customers (Weitz, 2010). Private Cloud: Private cloud model is managed and used internally by the organizations which utilizes ‘shared services model’ and makes variable usage of virtualized computing resources. The data stored in the model are managed within the organization (Weitz, 2010). Hybrid Cloud: As the name suggests, the hybrid model is the mixture of public cloud services and private cloud architecture. The model is designed to meet certain specific needs of customers (Weitz, 2010). Community Cloud: Community cloud model is used across the organizations having similar requirements and objectives. Community cloud model is established using public cloud services in order to ensure collaboration among the companies (Weitz, 2010). Cloud Computing Services Cloud computing services are provided mostly in the following ways: Software-as-a-Service (SaaS): Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) has been operational in the market since many years. Currently, businesses are more interested in shifting licensing software to subscribe services particularly on the basis of per user and per month among others (Weitz, 2010). Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS): Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) includes development of such environment that allows developers to build software applications that can be offered as services to customers or to general users (Weitz, 2010). Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS): Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) provides customers or users with storage, network and other various fundamental resource requirements in order to run arbitrary applications (Weitz, 2010). Literature Review According to Etro (2009), cloud computing is a recently evolved internet based technology that stores large information in servers and provides that information as services on demand to clients. Accordingly, its impact is spectacular on both consumers and companies. Furthermore, he stated that consumers can access all their documents and data from any devices such as laptops, mobile phones and tablets while the companies can rent hardware and software from the service providers and pay as they use the services like other services availed by the companies such as electricity (Etro, 2009). Petri (2010) postulates that, cloud computing is one of the most discussed IT innovations in the last few years. Hence, risk management is the most critical area which draws a serious attention. He emphasized that future is relatively uncertain when associating cloud computing with security factor. He critically points out that cloud vendors should quickly address the security and other related concerns for ensuring better customer satisfaction (Petri, 2010). According to Bein, Bein & Madiraju (2010), cloud computing is a new paradigm of computing that has evolved in the recent times as an expensive way for providing storage and software. They further stressed that many companies are moving ahead with an intention to make cloud computing easy to use. They advocated that there are huge potential for consumers to exploit the cloud computing technology (Bein, Bein & Madiraju, 2010). According to Gartner Inc (2012), continuous monitoring of cloud computing technologies and usual updates to the enterprises’ cloud strategies are necessary to prevent any cost related errors for the subsequent few years. It also stated that cloud computing technology will have significant impact on the level of its adoption over a period of time (Gartner Inc, 2012) According to Pokhriyal (2012), cloud computing would contribute towards increasing complexities relating to data storage and users access to applications as well as other frequently conducted processes. She also stated that risk of exposure of critical data is more with the use of cloud computing technology. She advocated that business firms may also witness security breaches and hacking that shall make the cloud storage relatively ineffective and inefficient (Pokhriyal, 2012). According to Willcocks, Venters, & Whitey (2011), cloud computing technology is changing the ways of IT business services in terms of data delivering and managing. Accordingly, cloud computing has escalated the importance of delivering effective services and for this reason the IT and business services urgently need to raise the level of service competency and should focus on the availability of quality services to meet the customer expectations (Willocks, Venters, & Whitley, 2011). In the words of Horwath, Chan, Leung, & Pili (2012), cloud computing has the potential to bring certain drastic changes in the organizations as witnessed in case of the internet during the last decade of the 20th century. They emphasized that by applying cloud computing technology without proper care and due-diligence may result in unforeseen problems. Consequently, executives must be aware of risks and other issues of cloud computing in order to derive significant benefits out of the provided services (Horwath, Chan, Leung, & Pili, 2012). According to Santos, Gummadi, & Rodrigues (2012), cloud computing enables organizations to cut costs associated with resource storage, network bandwidth and other relevant data. However, they argued that concerns about the privacy, confidentiality and integrity of the data and computation can be considered to be the major deterrents for those organizations which are looking forward to embrace cloud computing (Santos, Gummadi, & Rodrigues, 2012). According to Hinchcliffe (2009), cloud computing will transform IT business scenario by a large extent and it will have to balance between the risks and the benefits associated with cloud computing models. Therefore, he points out certain major risks associated with such transformations including security of organizational data that is stored in the cloud, loss of control over cloud resources and reliability factor. He also stated that the efficient use of cloud computing will enable market validation and prototyping of new approaches at much faster and relatively less expensive rate than ever before (Hinchcliffe, 2009). According to Weitz (2010), cloud computing will be playing a major role in the future of IT and shall bring in enormous opportunities for the organizations. Consequently, he stated that larger organizations will also have an opportunity for cutting the existing costs of IT infrastructure with the use of cloud computing models. However, he also highlighted the risks related with cloud computing and expressed his deep concerns relating to the security and confidentiality of certain relevant data (Weitz, 2010). Hyek (2011) in his report, ‘Cloud Computing Issues and Impacts’, postulated that, cloud computing models should comply with laws and regulations in each of its operations. The processing of data by the cloud service providers must be in conformity with governments’ requirements (Hyek, 2011). According to Curtis, Heckman, & Thorp (2010), the most important factor related with the cloud computing model is the concern about the security and privacy of data while adopting cloud computing models (Curtis, Heckman, & Thorp, 2010). According to the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (2010), in its report, ‘Cloud Computing: Opportunities and Challenges for Australia’ considers the importance of government and its roles in encouraging researchers and business sectors to adopt cloud computing models. The report emphasized that government should formulate strategies that initiate business sectors to adopt cloud models for their resource and application requirements. The report precisely described the responsibility of the cloud service providers in terms of proper management of data in order to prevent any situation that may result in loss of vital data (Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, 2010). According to Catteddu & Hogben, (2009) cloud services provide expedient storage accessible by various devices along with other benefits including useful communication and instant multi-point collaboration. They also emphasized that level of risk may tend to vary significantly based on the type of cloud model. It is for this reason that customers should be aware of the probable risks associated with cloud computing models and they should strive to transfer the risks to the providers (Catteddu & Hogben, 2009). Characteristics of Cloud Computing A few of the relevant characteristics of cloud computing are elaborated below: On-Demand Self Service: Cloud computing providers offer various computer services such as applications, e-mail and network without involving human interaction with various service providers engaged in certain specific services only. Currently, there are multiple organizations that provide cloud computing services based on on-demand self services such as Google, Amazon Web, Microsoft and IBM among others (Information System Audit and Control Association, Inc, 2012). Broad Network Access: Cloud services are available over the network, specifically over the internet and are accessed through certain standard mechanisms such as personal laptops, mobile phones, tablets and iPads among others (Information System Audit and Control Association, Inc, 2012). Resource Pooling: The cloud computing models of the providers are shared with various resources in order to serve multiple clients. The resources united together may consist of processing, network bandwidth, storage of data, memory, virtual machines and email service (Information System Audit and Control Association, Inc, 2012). Rapid Elasticity:The capacities of cloud services can be swiftly and elastically provisioned, in a few instances robotically as well to quickly balance out and release to scale in quickly. Furthermore, the capacities accessible for provisioning frequently emerge to be infinite and can be procured in any amount at any time (Information System Audit and Control Association, Inc, 2012). Measured Services: The resource usage of cloud computing can be measured and reported to both providers and customers related to the amount of services utilized. Hence, cloud computing service providers charge the customers for the resources that they have actually used i.e. ‘pay as you use’. Considering the fact, more the customers utilize the cloud computing services, more they have to pay and vice-versa (Information System Audit and Control Association, Inc, 2012). Multi-tenacity: Multi-tenacity is one key characteristics related to cloud computing which is being advocated by Security All iance. Multi-tenacity is related with the requirement for segmentation, ‘policy-driven enforcement’, control, service levels, billing models and isolation for the different consumer requirements (Information System Audit and Control Association, Inc, 2012). Cloud Computing: Opportunities and Risk Assessment Cloud Computing Opportunities Opportunities derived from cloud computing are related with cost reduction to increase flexibility and decrease complexity which benefits the customers in terms of higher returns on their investments. Certain vital opportunities and benefits provided by cloud computing comprise: Cost Saving: Cloud computing customers are liable to pay merely for computing services and resources that they use rather than making permanent investments on resources or leasing equipments that may or may not be utilized fully at all times. Cloud computing enables to share IT resources with multiple organizations and facilitates them to access as per their requirements which can be related as operating expenses (OPEX) and not as capital expenses (CAPEX) (Petri, 2010). Speed of Deployment: Cloud service providers can meet the needs of the organizations for computing resources quickly and efficiently than other internal informati on technology functions. The customers do not have to wait for months for crunching large data. They can simply rent resources for limited period and can avail huge benefits at considerably reduced time (Petri, 2010). Scalability and Better Alignment of Technology Resources: An organization is able to scale up as well as down its capability from a single server to multiple numbers of servers with no capital expenses through the use of cloud service models. An organization is also able to deploy additional storage capacity over the web (Petri, 2010). Decreased Efforts in Managing Technology: Owning and operating of IT functions are often costly and time consuming. However, cloud computing enables an organization to concentrate more time on its purposes and goals (Petri, 2010). Environmental Benefits: Cloud computing also results in environmental benefits. If all the organizations replace their private data centers with cloud computing, it will significantly reduce the overall power consumption and carbon emissions (Petri, 2010). Higher Value Added: Cloud computing does not only provide software functionality but it also provides the customers with relevant information and data which was traditionally supposed to be created by the customers themselves (Petri, 2010). Cloud Computing Risks Risk is an event that prevents the organizations from achieving their determined purposes and objectives. Certain risks associated with cloud computing are stated below: Disruptive Force: Facilitating innovation and cost saving aspects can itself be viewed as risk to the existing cloud computing organizations. By lowering the barriers to entry, new competitors may pose a serious threat to certain cloud computing business models (Horwath, Chan, Leung, & Pili, 2012). Residing In the Same Risk Ecosystem as the Cloud Service Provider (CSP) and Other Tenants of the Cloud: Organizational reliance on third party involved in managing cloud solutions will increase legal responsibility and incident escalation among other core areas. By following the actions of CSP may impact the organizations in certain direct and indirect ways (Horwath, Chan, Leung, & Pili, 2012). Lack of Transparency: A cloud computing service provider does not facilitate complete information regarding its processes and oper ations. Consequently, cloud customers have only little knowledge about the storage locations and algorithms that are implemented or used by the cloud service providers in relation to computing and controlling resources of customers’ data (Horwath, Chan, Leung, & Pili, 2012). Reliability and Performance Issues: Even though efficiency of cloud computing may get disrupted due to risk events such as system failure that may occur without any early alerts to the end users. Hence, system failure may be viewed as a distinctive challenge posed to cloud computing (Horwath, Chan, Leung, & Pili, 2012). Security And Compliance Concerns: Cloud computing supports various processes that may tend to evolve security and retention concerns in relation to its compliance with certain specific laws such as Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). The cloud service providers may have no obligation to reveal such information associated with privacy of certain laws such as US Patriot Act and EU Data Protection Directives among others (Horwath, Chan, Leung, & Pili, 2012). High Value Cyber Attack Targets: The over-dependence of multiple organizations on single cloud service providers may tend to create vulnerability of cyber attacks then those used by a single organization (Horwath, Chan, Leung, & Pili, 2012). Risk of Data Leakage: The risk of data leakage is also more where multiple organizations share their resources through cloud environment. Consequently, cloud service providers do not provide adequate data privacy and confidentiality of resources which the organizations intend to secure from intruders (Horwath, Chan, Leung, & Pili, 2012). Conclusion Cloud computing has changed dramatically the ways in which the organizations communicate, collaborate and compute. In general, cloud computing refers to delivery of scalable IT resources over the web particularly internet. An organization can purchase or rent software on need basis or according to usage which results in less investment and consumption on the part of the organization. Cloud computing facilitates the organizations to manage their IT requirements remotely, at much lowered costs. It further enables organizations to share resources in a single place or through a single cloud service provider. The organizations do not have to make heavy investments on establishment of their own IT infrastructure as cloud computing models provide organizations with established database for fulfillment of their IT demand. Moreover, organizations and users are charged or billed on the basis of their resource consumption. Despite having numerous benefits of adopting cloud computing models, there also exist certain risk factors which restrict the scope of cloud computing. Security and privacy are the prime issues restricting the adoption of cloud computing. Since multiple organizations will be consolidated on single cloud computing, there exists more vulnerability of data hacking. Consequently, cloud computing service providers do not guarantee the adequate safety for data losses and leakages which at times deters organizations from adopting cloud computing solutions. Nonetheless, if organizations cautiously consider the risk factors associated with cloud computing related solutions then these risk events can be overcome efficiently. Considering this aspect, it can be stated that organizations should adopt cloud computing solutions. By adopting cloud computing solutions, they can avail numerous opportunities that shall help them to grow and sustain their business profitably. References Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering. (2010). The roles of government in cloud computing. Cloud computing: opportunities and challenges for Australia, pp. 13-19. Bein, D., Bein, W. & Madiraju, P. (2010). Web applications and cloud computing. The impact of cloud computing on web 2.0, pp. 1-6. Curtis, W. B., Heckman, C. & Thorp, A. (2010). Security and Privacy Considerations. Cloud computing: e-discovery issues and other risk, pp. 1-5. Catteddu, D. & Hogben, G. (2009). Top security risks. Cloud Computing: Benefits, Risks And Recommendations For Information Security Cloud Computing, pp. 2-125. Etro, F. (2009). Features and implications of cloud computing. The economic impact of cloud computing on business creation, employment and output in Europe, pp. 2-33. European Commission. (2012). Introduction & background. Advances in clouds, pp. 1-7. Gartner Inc. (2012). Gartner outlines five cloud computing trends that will affect cloud strategy through 2015. Retrieved from http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1971515 Horwath, C., Chan, W., Leung, E. & Pili, H. (2012). COSO enterprise risk management for cloud computing. Enterprise Risk Management For Cloud Computing, pp. 1-20. Hyek, P. (2011). Security and privacy. Cloud computing issues and impacts, pp. 12-46. Hinchcliffe, D. (2009). Eight ways that cloud computing will change business. Retrieved from http://www.majorcities.org/generaldocuments/pdf/zdnet_eight_ways_that_cloud_computing_will_change_business.pdf Information System Audit and Control Association, Inc, (2012). Essential characteristics of Cloud Computing. Retrieved from http://www.isaca.org/Groups/Professional-English/cloud-computing/GroupDocuments/Essential%20characteristics%20of%20Cloud%20Computing.pdf Pokhriyal, R. (2012). Cloud computing myths explained: part 1. Retrieved from http://www.cloudtweaks.com/2012/10/cloud-computing-myths-explained-part-1/ Petri, G. (2010). Risks of cloud computing. Shedding light on cloud computing, pp. 25-30. Santos, N., Gummadi, K. P. & Rodrigues, R. (2012). Towards trusted cloud computing. Retrieved from http://www.mpi-sws.org/~gummadi/papers/trusted_cloud.pdf Willcocks, L., Venters, W. & Whitley, E. A. (2011). Clear view of the cloud: The business impact of cloud computing. Cloud computing, (1). Weitz, C. (2010). Barriers of cloud computing. A Balancing Act What Cloud Computing Means For Business, And How To Capitalize On It, pp. 1-9.